Limestone

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Limestone

Description : Limestone is a sedimentary rock. It consist of Calcite and aragonite, these are form of calcium carbonate. Some limestone also consists by coral or foraminifera. Most limestone forms in shallow, calm, warm marine waters. Limestone is widely used for construction, tiles, limestone slabs in flooring, paving, wall cladding, and vanity tops. It is also used as dimension stone, flux, roofs, granules, mines safety dust etc. It is an excellent stone for exterior and interior use.

Occurrence

Algeria
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Belgium
Bhutan
Botswana
Brazil
Cambodia
Canada
China

Uses of Limestone

In construction : In construction : Crushed form of Limestone used as construction material. It is also used for solid base of roads, landscape building and railroad ballast. It can be also used as aggregate for foundations base.
In architecture : Mostly limestone cut into many forms such as slabs , tiles, blocks and in many different dimension, It used for floor tiles, stair treads, window sills etc.
Glass industry : Limestone is used in glass making , in the purification of molten glass.
Cement industry : limestone is used in cement industry for the production of Portland cement. Used as cement mortar
As a source of calcium : Limestone used as a source of calcium in supplements, medical and food additives. Limestone is also used for the production of medicinal antacids.
Source of lime : Limestone is manufacture of quicklime and slaked lime. CaCo₃ convert into carbon dioxide gas (CO₂) and calcium oxide (CaO).
Roof coat : Due to resistance of weather and heat, It can be used for roof coating and granules.
As acid neutralizing agents : Some varieties of limestone are stronger and dense rock with pore spaces, hence in abrasion and freezing method can be perform well. It is an effective material for treating acidic soils. It is widely used as a soil treatment agent.
Reduce the coal dust : This coating improves illumination and reduces the amount of coal dust
Other uses : It used as filler and abrasive in paper, paint, rubber, plastics, toothpastes. It is widely used for for purifying the sugar. It used as counter top. Used as water neutralizer.

Physical Properties

Color :	White, grey , brown, yellow,red, blue and black
Hardness :	On Moh's scale hardness 3 to 4
Density :	2,980 kg/m3
Comprehensive strength :	Compressive strength of limestone is 1800 to 2100 Kg/cm22
Porosity :	Quite low
Water absorption :	Less than 1%

Chemical Composition

Lime(CaO) :	38-42%
Silica (SiO2) :	20-25%
Alumina (Al2O3) :	2-4%
Other Oxides as Na, Mg :	1.5 to 2.5%

Varieties of Limestone

	Chalk : Emerald is a popular and precocious variety of the mineral beryl. It have rich green colour due to hromium and sometimes vanadium. It is one of the popular and hardest stone. The name emerald taken from the Greek 'smaragdos'
	Coquina : Emerald is a popular and precocious variety of the mineral beryl. It have rich green colour due to hromium and sometimes vanadium. It is one of the popular and hardest stone. The name emerald taken from the Greek 'smaragdos'
	Fossiliferous : Fossiliferous limestone is calcium carbonate. It is consist of skeletons and shells in calcified sediment. Fossiliferous limestone tiles are popular for landscape use. Pale cream, off white are good tile for interior and exterior use. It is famous for cladding. The Elephant house at the national zoo in Washington and many of building.
	Tufa : Tufa comes in brown or yellow, sometimes red-brown. It is consists of calcite, aragonite, containing organic material, clay, quartz, iron oxides. Often it is used for architecture materials and walls. It is porous and hard mineral.
	Travertine : Travertine is used as a building material, carving, paving and garden, construction, monuments and aqueducts. It formed by heating alkaline waters, white travertine is pure and fine.
	Lithographic : Lithographic Limestone is dense, homogeneous, compact and fine-grained with crystal type limestone. Mostly found in creamish yellow, pale white and yellow color. It is also known as litho stone. It is used for lithography.
	Oolitic : Oolitic limestone with spar cement is pure. The Oolitic limestone are white, round shaped and in layered form. It is pearl shaped like spheres. Mostly found in large mega ripples.